Published on: March 28, 2022
Downstream processing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) involves crystallization, filtration, drying, and milling unit operations. Drying is one of the most energy-intensive unit operations and is often the rate-limiting step in the overall API manufacturing cycle. Optimizing operating conditions such as pressure, temperature, and mixing is crucial to avoid API degradation during the drying process. An Agitated Filter Dryer (AFD) is widely used for its ability to conduct both filtration and drying unit operations in a single piece of equipment, thus minimizing the product handling and operator exposure.
To gain insight and to ultimately improve the drying process, the impacts of impeller speed and two impeller types on solvent drying behavior were studied for a lab-scale flat-bottom agitated filter dryer.
For drying, heat is provided from both the jacketed vessel walls and the impeller. Agitation of the wet cake during the drying stage is performed to achieve uniform heat transfer and to avoid hot spots across the particle bed. An unoptimized AFD design will lead to agglomeration and/or attrition, which can adversely impact the particle size distribution (PSD) achieved at the end of the drying stage.
Rocky DEM simulation tool is used to evaluate the impact of geometry and operating conditions such as angular velocity, impeller shape, and impeller position on the solvent drying behavior in three different scales of an agitated filter dryer. A constant particle size of 4 mm is chosen based on the studies performed in the scientific literature. In this blog, we share the results showing the drying times for different impeller speeds and impeller geometry and position comparing a standard PBT with results from an S-shaped impeller.
Right after filtration and before the drying process, the granular material resembles a wet cake type of material. Wet cake is modeled by a spherical granular material using Liquid Bridge modeling, which is a pure-DEM approach to represent a liquid film between particles. With this approach, the adhesive and viscous interactions between the particles due to the liquid film are calculated without the need for CFD coupling.
Initially, the liquid mass rate for each particle is around 18%. This represents a very wet granular media, simulating the wet cake in the initial stage of the drying process.
The liquid drying is simulated using the Liquid Drying by Heat Flux solver module, which enables users to model liquid film evaporation due to the latent heat. Figure 1 shows the liquid drying curves at different agitation speeds and a snapshot of particles in the center plane colored by the liquid mass after 60 seconds.
Figure 2 shows the impact of the impeller type on the drying curve. In this case, a two-blade S-shaped impeller is compared with the pitched blade turbine (PBT) impeller. The simulation demonstrates that the S-shaped impeller results in a faster overall drying time.
Figure 3 shows the drying curve at different impeller positions and the fine-tuning that can be done for geometry configurations to optimize the drying time.
Such optimization studies can be easily performed by high-fidelity DEM simulations, providing valuable insights to improve the slowest and most-energy-intensive step of the API manufacturing cycle. While this study has considered up-scaled particles for demonstration of filter dryer operations for specific product configuration, Ansys Rocky can efficiently utilize high-performance multi-GPU processing, making it possible to perform simulations of both spherical and complex non-spherical particles and large particle count cases. This makes Rocky a practical, powerful tool for designing and optimizing filter dryers and many other devices used in various pharmaceutical, food, and other process industrial applications.
CAE Applications Engineer - ESSS
Turezo holds a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná. He obtained a double degree at the Faculty of Simulation for Mechanical Engineering at the University of Technology de Compiègne, France. Currently, he works as a CAE Applications Engineer at ESSS, on the Rocky DEM support team.
