Multi-GPU Solver Capabilities
Rocky DEM’s unique ability to utilize one or more GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) cards on the same motherboard greatly speeds up the computational time and also allows for large-scale simulations involving tens of millions of particles.
How does it work?
Large-scale DEM simulations with millions of particles use huge amounts of hardware memory. CPU memory can be quite expensive and simulation performance can vary quite drastically.
A single CPU or GPU has a limited amount of memory, and the particle count that can be handled is still restricted to this memory only.
The multi-GPU solver in Rocky DEM, however, overcomes this memory restriction by efficiently distributing and managing the combined memory of two or more GPU cards within a single motherboard.
Complex and Free-Body Motions
Rocky DEM allows you the freedom to configure complex geometry movements by enabling you to set up as many translations, rotation, vibration, swinging, crushing, and free-body motions—and combinations thereof—as you desire within your simulation.
So whether you want to prescribe exact movements, or have your geometry components move freely in response to outside forces like particle contacts and gravity, Rocky DEM has your complex motion needs covered.
And what’s more, Rocky DEM enables you to define these multi-body dynamics within the program itself so there is no need for a third-party solution.
Breakage Models
Currently, two kinds of breakage models are available in Rocky DEM: The Ab-T10 model and the Tavares model. Both models preserve mass and volume.
Ab-T10 Breakage Model
Rocky DEM works with both a fracture subdivision algorithm and a breakage energy probability function, which itself is based upon a well-established model in the industry (JKMRC Ab-T10).
This breakage model treats every particle as a single entity that can be broken into fragments instantaneously based upon the breakage force and/or energy values defined.
Tavares Breakage Model
The Tavares breakage model is an extension of Rocky DEM’s original Ab-T10 breakage model. It has been validated via single-particle testing and the results have been documented in a number of peer-reviewed journal publications over the last 20 years.
This model focuses on fracture by low-energy stressing. This event is relevant for the simulation of a number of unit operations in particulate materials processing and handling, where particles are often subject to a complex series of loading events.
Tavares’s breakage model describes the progressive growth of crack-like damage that ultimately leads to the fracture of a particle under stresses significantly lower than those required for breakage in a first event.
Fluid Flow Modeling
Set or Modify Fluid Flow Properties
In Rocky DEM, there are four unique methods for simulating the interaction between particles and the surrounding fluids (air, water, dust, etc.), known more commonly as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).
Lattice Boltzmann Air Flow Method
The first method is accomplished by enabling Rocky to calculate how particle flow and the boundaries that contain those particles affect the air that comes into contact with them.
This method uses the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) for its calculations and is useful for simulating how much dust a transfer chute design would generate, for example.
In this method, the air flow does not affect the movement of the particles; only the particles and the boundaries affect the air flow.
Constant One Way Method
The first of the two One Way methods, the Constant One Way method, is useful in cases where you have a known, unchanging fluid field and want to understand how it impacts the flow of particles without having to use a separate CFD program.
You can set a constant value for density, velocity, viscosity (and thermal properties if thermal is being solved), and Rocky DEM will use those values to simulate the fluid field.
Ansys Fluent One Way Steady State Method
The second of the two One Way methods is accomplished by a one-way steady-state coupling with Ansys Fluent. In this method, a CFD simulation done within Ansys Fluent calculates the velocity and pressure fields generated by the fluid as it flows through the equipment being studied.
At the end of a simulation, or once steady state has reached the flow field, that data is then exported out of Ansys Fluent and imported into Rocky DEM, where Rocky DEM then calculates how the fluid flow would affect the particle flow.
The Ansys Fluent One Way Steady State method is particularly useful for simulating the effect of water on the movement of particles through a pipe, for example. Or, for simulating the transport of particles with different densities by water in a slurry-like flow.
In the Ansys Fluent One Way Steady State method, the particles do not affect the fluid flow; the fluid flow affects the movement of the particles.
Ansys Fluent Two Way Method
The Ansys Fluent Two Way method, is particularly useful for simulating complex phenomena such as pneumatic conveying, granular drying, slurry flow inside grinding mills, or even chemical reactions between particles and fluids.
In the Ansys Fluent Two Way method, the particles are part of the fluid flow and will affect it in a two-way interaction: particles are affected by other particles and the fluid around it while the fluid flow is also affected by the particle pressure.
Particle and Contact Energy Spectra
Rocky DEM enables you to collect and analyze energy spectra as a useful alternative to the often computationally intensive breakage modeling solutions.
This feature collects the energy statistics of particle collisions to predict breakage and attrition rates in a graphical format, and is often used to help analyze continuous comminution processes such as grinding mills.
While missing the high-impact 3D visuals provided by traditional breakage modeling, energy spectra produces actionable results faster by eliminating the computational costs of having to calculate and visualize each individual broken fragment.
3D Surface Wear Modification
Rocky DEM also can be used also as a tool for the preparation of abrasive wear of solid surfaces and there are two major ways you can use Rocky DEM to gain an understanding of how your geometries will wear over time.
One way is by enabling wear surface modification, which changes the physical appearance of the geometry as the simulation progresses.
A second way is to view a color map of the surface intensity.
Collision Statistics
The visualization of collision statistics is a key feature in Rocky DEM. During the simulation, relevant collision data is stored between two consecutive output time levels.
Then, this data can be displayed graphically on the surface of a representative particle, using a conventional field representation with a color scale.
For certain particles–specifically single sized, unbroken, rigid polyhedron or custom polyhedron shapes (either concave or convex)–you can choose to have collision data between two consecutive output time levels collected by Rocky DEM during the simulation.
Thermal Modeling
If you want to observe how particles are affected by temperature changes brought on by the heating or cooling of other items around it, you may set up your simulation to model thermal properties.
Turning on Thermal Modeling enables you to simulate conductive heat transfer from particles to other particles, and from particles to boundaries.
When used with CFD Coupling methods, it can also simulate convective heat transfer between particles and fluids.
Optimization Coupling Tools
The calibration of the material interaction parameters is a key step of all projects. At least friction and restitution coefficients between particles and particles and boundaries have to be adjusted in order to reproduce the bulk flow behavior. When extra forces come to play, such as adhesion forces, additional parameters have to be selected.
The integration between Ansys Optislang and Rocky DEM can boost the calibration process by combining the powerful parametric modeling capabilities of Ansys Workbench with the robust design optimization (RDO) methods of Opstislang.
By using optiSLang plug-in, the input parameters selection and variation are automatic, based on sensitivity analysis and meta-modeling techniques, reducing the number of cases to be run and allowing the user to confidently adjust the interaction parameters for the project.
